Coating Defects

Craters

Craters

A blank area in the powder coat, which extends all the way to the substrate (diameter up to 2mm).

Potential Cause

Insufficient pre-treatment (eg oil and grease residues).

Solution

Test pre-treatment and ensure parts coming out of the system are clean.  Run a white cloth over the surface, it should not be stained.  If necessary contact pre-treatment supplier.

Potential Cause

Rust on parts

Solution

Assure clean surface, apply recommended pre-treatment

Potential Cause

Incompatibility with powder coatings from other manufacturers, particularly for acrylic coatings.

Solution

Cleaning of coating and application equipment, contact powder coating supplier

Potential Cause

Surrounding air contaminated, especially from silicone oils.  Surprisingly, deodorants can cause this problem too.

Solution

Balance air flows in plant, avoid cross drafts.  Discuss with operators whether they've changed deodorants.

Potential Cause

Work piece moist/wet

Solution

Increase drying time/temperature in dry-off oven

Potential Cause

Liquid and powder paint in same plant

Solution

Definitely avoid – reconfigure plant

Potential Cause

Base part was cleaned with highly volatile solvents such as MEK or Cellulose (Standard) Thinners.

Solution

Solvent rags quickly become saturated in oils that spread further surface oil rather than removing it.  Replace rags more frequently or consider another method of cleaning.

Pinholes

Very small craters, usually not extending down to the surface.

Potential Cause

Coating is contaminated by an incompatible powder

Solution

Clean application equipment when changing from one powder to the next.

Potential Cause

Pinholes produced from out-gassing

Solution

Adjust dry off oven temperature to ensure no moisture is on the part.  Check powder for oil or moisture introduced in reclaim, from the air supply or the virgin powder.  A thick film may cause out-gassing.  Reduce the film thickness to enable the gas to escape through the surface during cure.  Polyurethane powder coatings may emit a blocking agent.  Excessively high cure temperatures may make lower polymeric components within the coating volatile.  Note oven temperatures if pinholes form.

Potential Cause

Zinc substrate, including hot dip galvanising or zinc metal spray, releasing gases trapped during the galvanising process.

Solution

Zinc substrates are notorious.  Use a powder coating specifically formulated for zinc substrates; use a zinc sealer primer coat; preheat zinc above curing cycle temperature; add a ‘degassing modifier’

Potential Cause

Unsatisfactory rinse stages

Solution

Chemical from cleaning and pretreatment stages may be dried onto the surface, evaporating at higher cure temperatures.  Assess conditions of rinse stages.

Potential Cause

Pinholes produced from contaminating emissions in the curing oven.

Solution

Masking products are often plasticized to make the product soft and flexible.  Plasticizers can emit volatiles that may reduce the coating’s hardness and produce pinholes.  Monitor ovens and maintain appropriate air exchange.

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